The main differences in the philosophy of ancient Rome. Roman philosophy

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Autonomous Non-Profit Organization of Higher Professional Education "Russian Academy of Entrepreneurship"

by philosophy

on the topic: "The philosophy of ancient Rome"

Performed student

Pirogova O.V.

scientific adviser

Shemyakina E. M.

Moscow 2012.

Introduction

After the subordination of Greece Rome in II century. BC e. The Roman Empire began to adopt the philosophical exercises, which appeared in ancient Greece in the era of the collapse of the Athenian state. Unlike Greek philosophy, Roman philosophy had a predominantly ethical character. The main task of Roman philosophy is not a study of the essence of things, but the problem of achieving the highest good, happiness, the development of rules of life.

In this paper, some of the main philosophical directions established in Rome, such as stoicism, epicureism and skepticism, as well as their bright representatives - Lucius Annese Seneca, Mark Azeri Antonin, Tit Lucretia Car and Enesidem.

1. Stoicism

stoicism Skepticism Rome Philosophy

Stoicism - the teaching of one of the most influential philosophical antiquity schools based on about 300 g. BC. Zeno from China; Her name comes from "painted portica" - "Stoi" in Athens, where Zeno taught. The story of Stoicism is traditionally divided into three periods: Early (Zenon III-II centuries. BC), Middle (Pantei, Posidochi, Hekton II-I centuries. BC) and late (or Roman) Stoicism (Seneca , Mark Azeri I-II V.N.E.).

The doctrine of the Stoics is made to divide into three parts: logic, physics and ethics. It is known to compare philosophy with a fruit garden: the logic corresponds to the fence that protects it, physics is a growing tree, and ethics - fruits.

Logics - a fundamental part of the stoicism; Its task is to substantiate the necessary and universal laws of reason as the laws of knowledge, being, and philosophizing - as a strict "scientific" procedure.

Physics. Stoics represent the world in a living organism. According to Stoicism, everything that exists is bodily, and differs only by the degree of "rudeness" or "subtleties" of matter. Strength is the finest matter. The power managing the world as a whole is God. All matter is only a change in this divine power. Things and events are repeated after each periodic ignition and cosmos cleansing.

Ethics. All people are Cosmos citizens as a global state; Stoic cosmopolitanism was equalized in the face of the global law of all people: free and slaves, citizens and barbarians, men and women. According to the Stoikov, any moral action is self-preservation and self-affirmation and increases the common benefit. All sins and immoral deeds are self-destruction, loss of own human nature. The correct desires, deeds and cases are a guarantee of human happiness, for this it is necessary to develop their personality in every way, not to be submissive fate, not to be inclined to any force.

Lutions of Anne Seineka (5 G. BC - 65 AD)

Seneca was from Cordoba, he attached great importance to the practical side of philosophy, ethics and investigated the question of how to live a virtuous life without deepening in the theoretical study of the nature of virtue. He considers philosophy as a means of gaining virtue. "Let our words bring not pleasure, but the benefit is looking for a doctor who says red."

In his theoretical views of Seneca, the materialism of ancient stops adhered to the materialism, but in practice she believed in the transcendence of God. He believed that fate was not blind element. It has a mind, whose particle is present in every person. Any misfortune is a reason for virtuous self-improvement. The philosopher suggests to strive for high courage, standing with all that the fate sends us, and surrender to the will of the laws of nature.

Mark Azeri Antonin (121 BC - 180 BC)

Roman emperor from the 161th to 180 years. e., in reflections "to myself" says that "the only thing that is in the power of man is his thoughts." "Ploy to your subsidiary! There, inside, the source of good, who is capable of beating is not silent if it is constantly torture. " He understands the world as the ever current and changeable. The main purpose of human aspirations should be achieving virtue, i.e., the subordination of "reasonable laws of nature in harmony with human nature." Mark Azeri recommends: "A quiet thought with everything that comes from outside, and justice with all that is implemented at your own discretion, that is, your desire and action, let them consist in the actions of the generally hen, because it is an essence in agreement with your nature."

Mark Azeri - the last representative of the ancient stoicism.

2. Epicureism

Epicureism was the only materialistic philosophy in the ancient Rome. The materialistic direction in the ancient Greek and Roman philosophy was named after its founder of the epicura. At the end of the 2nd century. BC e. Followers of Epicuri among the Romans appear, the most outstanding of which was the titles of Lucretia car.

Tit Lucreti Kar (95 BC - 55 BC)

Lucretia completely identifies its views with the teachings of Epicur. In its work "On the nature of things", he explains the masterfully, proves and promotes the views of early representatives of the atomistic teaching, consistently protects the basic principles of atomism both from earlier and from modern opponents, giving the most integral and logically ordered interpretation of atomistic philosophy. At the same time, he in many cases develops and deepens the thoughts of the epicura. The only life of Lucretia considers atoms and emptiness. There, where the emptiness extends, the so-called space, there is no matter there; And where the matter of matter, there is no emptiness and space in no way.

He considers the material, a special combination of air and heat. It proceeds through the whole body and is formed by the finest and the least atoms.

Lucretia is trying to explain the naturally the emergence of society. He says that initially people lived, in the "middigone state", not knowing fire and housing. Only the development of material culture leads to the fact that the human herd gradually turns into society. Just like the epicurus, he believed that society (right, laws) arises as a product of a mutual agreement of people: "Neighbors then began to unite in friendship, not wanting to repair the powerlessness and enormous, and the children and the female sex took under protection, showing gestures and awkward sounds that everything must have sympathy. Although the agreement could not be universally recognized, the best and most of the contract was holy. "

Epicurestriness in Roman society has retained a relatively long. However, when in 313 N. e. Christianity became the official state religion, the stubborn and ruthless struggle against epicureism began, and in particular against the ideas of the Lucreta Kara, which, in the end, led to the gradual decline in this philosophy.

3. Skepticism

The basis of skepticism is a position based on doubt in the existence of any reliable criterion of truth. Skepticism controversial in nature, he encouraged the in-depth search of truth, and others to militant ignorance and amoralism. The founder of skepticism was pyrons from the ELIDA (approx. 360 - 270 Gg. BC. E.).

Pierron and his philosophical views

According to the teachings of Pyrrhon, the philosopher is a person who seeks fortunately. It, in his opinion, is only in a calm, combined with the lack of suffering.

The one who wishes to achieve happiness should answer three questions: 1) from which things are consisting; 2) how to relate to them; 3) What benefit we are able to get from our attitude to them.

Pierron believed that the first question could not be given any answer, it would also be impossible to argue that something defined exists. Moreover, any approval of any subject can be equally opposed to the statement contradictory to him.

From the recognition of the impossibility of unambiguous statements about the things of Pierron brought the answer to the second question: the philosophical attitude towards things is to abstain from any judgments. This answer predetermines and response to the third question: the benefits and benefits arising from the abstinence from any kind of judgment, consists in irrepressibility or serenity. Such a state called ataraque based on the refusal of knowledge is considered by skeptics as the highest level of bliss.

Pyrrhon's efforts to sow human curiosity doubt and slow down the movement along the path of progressive knowledge of knowledge were vain. The future, which seemed to the skeptics as a terrible punishment for the faith in the omnipotence of knowledge, was still it came, and it was not possible to stop him any cavens.

4. Neoplatonism

Neoplatonism developed in the III - V centuries. E., In the last centuries, the existence of the Roman Empire. It is the last one-piece philosophical direction arising during antiquity. Neoplatonism is formed in the same social setting as Christianity. His founder was Ammonium Sakkas (175--242), and the most prominent representative - Dam (205-270).

Dams and his philosophical views

Plotin believed that the basis of the entire existing is the superweight, supernatural, supervisory divine principle. All forms of being depend on it. This principle of dams declares absolute being and speaks of him that he is unrecognizable. This is the only true being comprehended only by penetrating the very center of pure thinking, which becomes possible only with the "rejection" of thought - ecstasy. Everything else that exists in the world is derived from this only true being.

Nature, on the dam, is created in such a way that the divine principle (light) penetrates through matter (darkness). The dam creates even a certain gradation of existences from external (present, true) to the lowest, subordinate (non-functional). At the tops of this gradation there is a divine principle, further - the Divine Soul, and below all - nature.

Much attention dams devotes soul. It is for him a certain transition from Divine to the material. The soul is something alien to material, bodily and external towards them.

Conclusion

In general, the philosophy of ancient Rome had a huge impact on the subsequent philosophical thought, culture, the development of human civilization. In the philosophy of ancient Rome, the main types of philosophical worldview were primarily designed in all subsequent centuries. Many of the problems that antique philosophers reflected on their relevance and to this day. The study of antique philosophy gives us not only valuable information on the results of reflection of outstanding thinkers, but also contributes to the development of more sophisticated philosophical thinking.

Bibliography

1. F. Collston "The history of philosophy. Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. T. I. ": CenterPolygraf; Moscow; 2003.

2. F. Collston "The History of Philosophy. Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. T. II. ": CenterPolygraf; Moscow; 2003.

Other information resources

3. Materials of the curriculum of the college of entrepreneurship number 15. Lecture on the philosophy of ancient Rome

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The section of philosophy, giving a philos. Interpretation of the historical process. Form elements. The understanding of the history was kept in antih. Form and historiographic work. In the Middle Ages Form. The study of the story was not separated anything clear from ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

Form Study of the principles and general patterns of culture. May exist as a special theory or as an aspect of a broader concept. From F.K. Culturalology should be distinguished as a special humanitarian science that does not require ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

Philosophy of culture, philosophical research of principles and general patterns of culture (see Culture). From the philosophy of culture should be distinguished by culturalology (see cultural studies) as a special humanitarian science. Prehistory of cultural philosophy ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

I. Epoch of the Republic 1. Ancient period. 2. Literature III II centuries. BC e. 3. Literature of the period of civil wars. II. The era of the transition to the Empire ("Age August"). III. Epoch of the Empire. Bibliography. I. The Epoch of the Republic. 1. Ancient period. ... ... Literary encyclopedia

Roman philosophy

From the beginning of the III century BC e. In the region of the Mediterranean Sea, the influence of Rome is significantly intensified, which from the city republic becomes a strong power. In II century BC e. He owns a large part of the ancient world. The cities of continental Greece also fall under its economic and political influence. Thus, Greek culture penetration begins in Rome, the component of which was philosophy. Roman culture and education developed in completely different conditions than those who were several centuries before in Greece. Roman campaigns, directed in all aspects of the world known (on the one hand, in the field of mature civilizations of the ancient world, and on the other - on the territory of the "barbarian" tribes), form a broad framework for the formation of Roman thinking. Successfully developed natural and technical sciences, unprecedented scope reaches political and legal.

For Roman culture, the desire to enrich the best of what Rome is facing, striving for world domination. It is therefore logical, therefore, the Roman philosophy is formed under the decisive influence of Greek, in particular the Hellenistic, philosophical thinking of a certain impulse for the expansion of Greek philosophy in Rome was a visit to its Athenian ambassadors, among which were the most outstanding representatives of the Greek philosophical schools existing at that time (middle II century BC).

Approximately from this time in Rome develops three philosophical directions, which have been formed already in Hellenistic Greece, - Stoicism, epicureism and skepticism.

Stoicism. Stoicism received the greatest distribution in the Republican and later in the imperial Rome. Sometimes he is considered the only philosophical direction, which in the Roman period acquired a new sound. Its beginning can be seen already in the influence of Diogen from Seleucia and Antipatra from Tars (who arrived in Rome with the Athenian Embassy mentioned). A prominent role in the development of Stoicism in Rome also played representatives of the middle stations of the Pentei from Rhodes and Posyondos, which relatively long period worked in Rome. Their merit is that they contributed to the widespread spread of stoicism in the middle and highest grades of the Roman society. Among the students of Phetonia were such outstanding identities of ancient Rome as Scypio Jr. and Cicero.

Pantei in the main provisions of its teachings largely adhered to old stoicism. So, he meets the concept of a logo, a similar concept, for example, in Chrysip, who adhered to similar ontological views. In the field of ethics, he was somewhat closer to the practical life ideal of a stoic sage.

At the further development of Roman stoicism was a great influence. In the field of ontology, he develops the main philosophical issues of the teachings of Aristotle, as well as issues bordering naturally scientific issues and cosmology. The initial philosophical and ethical views of Greek Stoicism, he connects with elements of Plato's teachings, and in some cases with Pythagorean mysticism. (This manifests certain eclecticism, which was typical of the Roman philosophy of that period.)

The most prominent representative of Roman stoicism (new stories) was Senec, epichet and Mark Azeri.

Seneca (approx. 4 G. BC. E.-65 N. E.) came from the class of "riders", received a comprehensive natural science, legal and philosophical education, a relatively long period was successfully engaged in lawyer practice. Later becomes an educator of the future Emperor Nero, after which he gets the highest social situation and honors to the throne. In the second year of Nero's authority, he devotes him a treatise "On mercy", in which Nerona calls as a ruler to maintain moderation and adhere to the Republican Spirit.

As the prestige and wealth of Seneca is heard, it is included in the conflict with his surroundings. After the fire in 64 N. e. Hate to the Seinee in Rome grows. He leaves the city and lives in his nearby estate. Charging to prepare a conspiracy, he was forced to endorse suicide.

Seneca legacy is very extensive. To his most prominent works include "Letters of Lucilia", "reasoning about providence", "On the resistance of a philosopher", "On anger", "On happy life"," On free time "," Oh Virtue ", etc. With the exception of" Nature Questions "(" Quastions Naturales "), all his works are devoted to ethical issues. If the old standing believed physics to the soul, then the philosophy of the new stoi considers it a completely subordinate area.

In the views on nature (as well as in the rest of their creativity) Seneca, however, in principle, the teachings of the old stand adheres to. This manifests itself, for example, in materialistic oriented dualism of matter and forms. The mind is considered an active principle that reports matter form. At the same time, the primacy of matter is definitely recognized. He also understands the soul (pneuma) in the spirit of old stoicism, as a very fine matter, a mixture of fire and air elements.

In Gnoseology, Seneca, like other representatives of Stoicism, is a supporter of ancient sensualism. He emphasizes that the mind has its beginning in feelings. When solving the question of the activity of the soul, he, however, takes some elements of Platonic philosophy, which is manifested primarily in recognizing the immortality of the soul and the characteristic of the physicity as the "shackles" of the soul.

Seneca proceeds from the fact that everything in the world and in the universe is subject to the power of strict necessity. This follows from his concept of God as the immanent, ruling force owing over the mind (Logos). Seneca characterizes it as "the highest benefit and the highest wisdom, which is implemented in the harmony of the world and its appropriate device.

Unlike the old stand of Seneca (as well as all Roman stoicism) is almost not engaged in logical problems. The center and the focus of its system is ethics. As the primary basis, the principle of consent with nature is allocated (live happily - it means to live in accordance with nature) and the principle of human subordination to fate. The issue of how to live life is devoted to his treatises "On the short life" and "On a happy life". They are projected by both personal experience of the Seyans and the social attitude of the then Rome. The loss of civil liberties and decay of republican virtues in the era of the imperial power lead him to significant doubts about the future. "For three periods, life is divisible: past, present and future. Of these, in which we live, brief; The one in which we will live is dubious, and only the one that we lived defined. Only he is stable, the fate does not affect him, but no one can also return it. " Seneca rejects the desire to accumulate property, to secular honors and posts: "The higher who climbed, the closer he is to fall. The life of that person, who, with great efforts, becomes very poor and very brief what he should hold with great efforts. " However, he used his social situation and became one of the richest and influential people of Rome. When his enemies pointed to the fact that his own life is very sharply different from the ideals, which he proclaims, he answered them in the treatise "On a happy life": "... All philosophers say not about how they live themselves, but about how must live. I'm talking about virtue, but not about yourself and fighting against sins, which means both against your own: when they will overcome them, I will live as it should. "

The meaning of the life of Seneca sees in achieving absolute peace of mind. One of the main prerequisites of this is to overcome fear before death. This problem, he takes a lot of space in his writings. In ethics, he continues the line of old stories, emphasizing the concept of a person as an individual who is committed to improving in virtues.

Life in which a person has devoted to all or an overwhelming part of his efforts to its own improvement, the life in which he avoids participating in public affairs and political activities is, according to Seinee, most worthy. "It is better to look for shelter in a quiet pier than to be voluntarily thrown back and forth all your life. Think how many shutters you have already been subjected how many storms swept in your private life, how many of them unattended to themselves in public life! I do not mean you to hang your days in a dream and in pleasure. I do not call this full life. The strive to find tasks are more important than those you have still dealt with, and believe that it is more important to know the score of your own life than the common good, about which you are drying so far! If you live so much, you are waiting for communication with wise men, beautiful art, love and accomplishment of good;

awareness of how well live and once to die well. " Its ethical views are impregnated with individualism, which is a reaction to a stormy political life in Rome.

Another prominent representative of Rome Stoicism - Epicate (50-138) was originally a slave. After he was released, completely devoted himself to philosophy. In his views, a lot from the old stand, which influenced him, and from the creativity of the Seyans. He himself did not leave any work. His thoughts recorded His student Arrian from Nicomedy in the treatises of the "Disposition of Epichet" and "Epichet Management". Epicate defended the point of view, according to which philosophy, actually, is not only knowledge, but also by application in practical life. He was not an original thinker, his merit mainly consists in popularizing stoic philosophy.

In his ontological performances and in views in the field of the theory of knowledge, he proceeded from Greek stoicism the exceptional influence on him was the works of Chrysip. The core of the philosophy of epictics is ethics based on a stoic understanding of virtue and life in harmony with the general nature of the world.

The study of nature (physics) is important and useful not because on its basis it is possible to change nature (the world around), but because in accordance with nature, a person can streamline his life, a person should not want what he cannot alter: "If You want your children, your wife and your friends lived constantly, then you are or crazy, or you want things that are not in your authority, would be in your power and that what is stranger was yours. " And since to change the objective world, society is not in human forces, should not and strive for it.

Epicate criticizes and condemns the then public order. He focuses on the thoughts on the equality of people, condemns the slavement. With this, his views differ from the stoic teaching. The central motive of his philosophy - humility with this reality - leads, however, to passivity. "Do not wish everything to happen, how do you want, but wish everyone happens, and it will be good in life."

The actual essence of man Epicate considers the mind. Thanks to him, the person participates in the general order of the world. Therefore, it follows not about welfare, amenities and in general about bodily pleasures, but only about your soul.

Just as the mind rules over the person, and in the world rules the world mind - Logos (God). It is a source and determining the world development factor. The things, as a managed God, should obey him. Freedom and independence, which he attached great importance. Epicate limits only spiritual freedom, freedom of humility with reality.

Ethics of epictics in essence is rationalistic. And even though it is expressively marked by subjectivism, nevertheless protects (unlike irrationalistic flows generated at the time).

In essence, the entire philosophy of epichet is an expression of a passive protest of the lower public classes against existing public orders. This protest, however, does not find a real output. Therefore, it turns out in the call to accept the existing position of affairs.

The Emperor Mark Azeri Antonin (121-180) also includes the Roman Stoikov, during the reign of which crisis phenomena become even more intense. The highest public classes refuse to change something to preserve the existing social system. In the Stoic Ethics, they see a certain means of the moral revival of society. The emperor in reflections "To myself" proclaims that "the only thing that is in the power of a person is his thoughts." "Ploy to your subsidiary! There, inside, the source of good, who is capable of beating is not silent if it is constantly torture. " He understands the world as the ever current and changeable. The main purpose of human aspirations should be achieving virtue, i.e., the subordination of "reasonable laws of nature in harmony with human nature." Mark Azeri recommends: "A quiet thought with everything that comes from outside, and justice with all that is implemented at your own discretion, that is, your desire and action, let them consist in the actions of the generally hen, because it is an essence in agreement with your nature."

Mark Aurelii - the last representative of ancient stoicism, and in fact, stoicism ends in his work, there are certain traces of mysticism, which is closely related to the decline of Roman society, in particular, underlining the need to "subordinate themselves" (world mind - Logos - God), largely influenced the formation of early Christianity.

Epicureism of the only materialistic (for its time distinctly materialistic) philosophy in the ancient Rome was epicureism, which has significantly spread in recent years of the Roman Republic and at the beginning of the Imperial Board. The most prominent representative was the titles of Lucreti Kar (approx. 95-55 BC), who wrote the philosophical poem "On Nature", which is also a valuable artistic work of the then literature.

Lucretia completely identifies its views with the teachings of democrites and epicuris; He considered the best Greek philosopher. In his work, he explains the masterfully, proves and promotes the views of early representatives of the atomistic teaching, consistently protects the basic principles of atomism both from earlier and from modern opponents, giving the most integral and logically ordered interpretation of atomotic philosophy. At the same time, he in many cases develops and deepens the thoughts of democritus and epicuris. The only ones of Lucretia considers atoms, and emptiness.

Matter, first of all, is the primary bodies of things,

secondly, all that is the combination of these items.

No power, however, cannot destroy atoms,

they always defeat their impenetrabity.

The first is deeply different, double

have those two things as described above

matter and space, everything happens in it;

they themselves are necessary for themselves and clean.

Where the emptiness extends, the so-called space,

there is no matter; And where the matter is started,

no emptiness and space in no way.

The first bodies are full without emptiness.

Secondly, the emptiness exists in the things that

near the same whole matter.

In this form of Lucretia, the teachings of democrites and epicuris about atoms and void, emphasizing the vulnerability of matter as such at the same time.

If the first bodies solid

and without cavities, as I already spoke about it,

they are undoubtedly eternal.

With non-profitability and volatility of matter, i.e., with its infinity in time, the infinity of matter in space is connected.

The universe itself cannot limit itself;

true - the law of nature; He wants the borders of matter

formed emptiness, and matter - void borders,

the merit of this alternation is without the end of the universe.

Atoms, according to Lucretia, is inherent. In solving the issue of movement, it is on the principles of Epicur. It is trying to substantially substantiate deviations from the straight-line movement of atoms.

You will need to know about the movement that's what:

if atoms fall in space vertically thanks

own weight, here at an indefinite place

and indefinitely deviate from the way

only so that the direction is a little different.

If this deviation was not, everything fell in

depth of emptiness, down, like rain drops,

could face and connect elements,

and NEW Never created anything.

From this it follows that the epicurovo parenclothic movement for Lucretia is the source of particles. Along with the size and form of atoms, it acts as the cause of the vitro and the diversity of things in the world.

He considers the material, a special combination of air and heat. It proceeds through the whole body and is formed by the finest and the least atoms.

From which matter spirit and what it consists of

this will be listed for you soon my words.

First of all, I say that the spirit is extremely thin;

the bodies that form it are extremely small.

It helps to understand and yourself will understand that:

nothing happens in the world so fast

like what a thought is and forms to be formed.

It can be seen that the Spirit has the highest speed,

than all that is available to the eye;

but what is also moving, it consists, right, out of bodies

completely round and the resultant.

Similarly, he defends atomistic views in the field of the theory of knowledge, which he also developed in many directions.

In the understanding of the Lucretziem of the atomistic theory, the marks of evolutionism can already be found. He pretended to look that all organic originated from the inorganic and that complex organic species developed from the simplest.

Lucretia is trying to explain the natural way and the emergence of society. He says that initially people lived in the "half-day state", not knowing fire and dwellings. Only the development of material culture leads to the fact that the human herd gradually turns into society. Naturally, he could not come to a materialistic understanding of the causes of the emergence and development of human society. His desire for a "natural" explanation was limited both social and gnoseological parameters. However, despite this, his views on society were, in particular, compared with the then idealistic approach of significant progress. Just like Epicur, he believed that society, a public organization (right, laws) arise as a product of a mutual agreement of people (the theory of the contract):

Neighbors then began to connect in friendship,

Not wanting to repair the powerlessness and enormous

and the children and the female sex took under protection,

showing gestures and awkward sounds,

what weak all should have sympathy.

Although consent could not universally recognize

the best and most of the contract was holy.

Materialism Lucretia has its own atheistic consequences. Lucretia not only eliminates the gods from the world in which everything has natural reasons, but also opposes any faith in the gods. He criticizes the idea of \u200b\u200blife after death and all other religious myths. It shows that faith in gods arises quite naturally as a product of fear and ignorance of natural reasons. In particular, it indicates the gnoseological origins of the emergence of religious ideas (the disclosure of social roots of religion was, naturally, it is impossible in time).

In the field of ethics of Lucretia, the epicurean principles of calm and happy life are consistently defended. The means of achieving happiness is knowledge. In order for a person to live happily, he must free himself from fear, in particular from fear of gods. These views, he defended both from the staic and skeptic criticism and from their vulgarization in the understanding of some supporters of epicureism from the highest circles of society.

The impact and propagation of the consistent materialistic and logically solid philosophical system Lucretia, undoubtedly contributed to the artistic form of the presentation. The poem "On Nature" belongs not only to the tops of the Roman philosophical thinking, but also to highly artistic works of its period.

Epicurestriness in Roman society has retained a relatively long. Even in the era of Averalian, the epicurean school was among the most influential philosophical directions. However, when in 313 N. e. Christianity becomes the official state religion, it begins a stubborn and ruthless struggle against epicureism, and in particular against ideas Lucretia Kara, which eventually led to the gradual decline of this philosophy.

Roman epicureism, in particular creativity Lucreta Kara, marked the vertex of materialistic trends in Roman philosophy. It became the link between the materialism of the ancient Greek Stoics and the materialistic flows of the philosophy of the new time.

Skepticism. Another significant philosophical direction of the ancient Rome was skepticism. His Chief Representative of the Eneside of Knossa (approx. I c. BC) in his views close to Pyrrhon's philosophy. On the impact that Greek skepticism was on the formation of Enesem's thoughts, he evidenced that he had devoted his main work by interpreting the teachings of Pyrrhon ("Eight Pyronovy Distribution Books").

Enesidem saw in skepticism path to overcoming dogmatism of all existing philosophical directions. He paid great attention to the analysis of contradictions in the teachings of other philosophers. The withdrawal of its skeptical views is that there is no judgment based on the direct sensations about reality. To justify this withdrawal, it serves as the formulation of the so-called trails, which have already been said.

The following five traps, which added the continuer of the Agrippa, further strengthened doubts about the correctness of the ideas of other philosophical directions.

The most prominent representative of the so-called junior skepticism was Sex Empirik. His teaching also proceeds from Greek skepticism. This is evidenced by the name of one of his works - "Basics of Pierronism". In other works, "against dogmatics", "against mathematicians" - it sets out a skeptical doubt based on a critical assessment of the basic concepts of the then knowledge. A critical assessment is directed not only against philosophical concepts, but also against the concepts of mathematics, rhetoric, astronomy, grammar, etc. His skeptical approach has not passed the question of the existence of the gods, which led him to atheism.

In his works, he seeks to prove that skepticism is an original philosophy that does not allow mixing with other philosophical directions. Sex Empirik shows that skepticism differs from all other philosophical currents, each of which recognizes some essences and eliminates the others, in that at the same time questioning and admits all entities.

Roman skepticism was a specific expression of the progressive crisis of the Roman society. Searches and research The contradictions between the statements of the preceding philosophical systems lead skeptics to a broad study of the history of philosophy. And although it is in this direction that skepticism creates a lot of days, as a whole, it is already a philosophy that has lost the spiritual force that has grown antique thinking on his peaks. In essence, skepticism contains more direct refusal than methodological criticism.

Eclecticism. Much more distribution and value than in Hellenistic Greece, receives eclecticism in Rome. His supporters include a number of prominent personalities of Roman political and cultural life, both in the last years of the Roman Republic and D the first period of the empire. The most famous among them was an outstanding politician and orator Mark Tuly Cicero (106-45 BC), the creator of Latin philosophical terminology.

Representatives of Roman eclecticism owned a colossal number of knowledge. In some cases, they were genuine encyclopedists of their era. The connection of them of various philosophical schools was not random and unfounded, a certain conceptual approach was strengthened precisely by the deep knowledge of individual views. A gradual rapprochement of the theory with the field of ethics was expressed by a general situation in philosophy.

Eclecticism, developing on the basis of academic philosophy, reaches the boundaries of encyclopedism, covering knowledge of both nature and society. Cicero belonged, perhaps, to the most significant direction of Roman eclecticism, which developed on the basis of Stoic philosophy.

"Stoic" eclecticism in the presentation of Cicero focuses on public issues, and in particular on ethics. His motive was the connection of those parts of various philosophical systems that bring useful knowledge.

In the social views of Cicero, his situation is reflected as a representative of the upper layers of the Roman society of the Republic of the Republic. He sees the best social structure in a combination of three main state forms: monarchies, aristocracy and democracy. The purpose of the state, he considers providing citizens of security and free use of property. His theoretical views were largely under the influence of its real political activities.

In ethics, he largely adapts to the views of the stops, considerably pays to the standards of virtue standing by the Stoics. Human he considers a reasonable being, which has something divine. Virtue calls overcoming all the vitality of the power of will. Philosophy in this case has invaluable services. Each of the philosophical directions comes to achieve the virtue in any way. Therefore, Cicero recommends "to connect" everything that is the contribution of individual philosophical schools, all their achievements to one whole. This, in fact, it protects his eclecticism.

Neoplatonism. The progressive crisis of the Roman society in the last years of the republic and in the first years of the empire is naturally reflected in philosophy. Differences for the rational development of the world, more or less manifested in various philosophical directions, together with the increasing influence of Christianity more and more strengthened the many signs of mysticism. The irrational directions of this era tried to adapt to the changing role of philosophy in different ways. Neuropagurian philosophy, the typical representative of which was apollonium from the woven, tried to strengthen with the help of a return to the mystics of numbers bordering a quantity; Philosophy of Philosophy of Alexandria (30th. BC. E.- 50 G. N. E.) It sought to combine Greek philosophy with the Jewish religion. In both concepts, mysticism is manifested in concentrated form.

More interesting was neoplatonism, which develops in the III-V century N. e.; In the last century, the existence of the Roman Empire. It is the last one-piece philosophical direction arising during antiquity. Neoplatonism is formed in the same social setting as Christianity. Like the remaining irrationalistic philosophical directions of late antiquity, neoplatonism a certain extent manifestation of the refusal of the rationalism of the previous philosophical thinking. It is a specific reflection of social hopelessness and progressive decomposition of social relations, on which the Roman Empire was based. His founder was Ammonium Sakkas (175-242), and the most prominent representative of the dam (205-270).

Plotin believed that the basis of the entire existing is the superweight, supernatural, supervisory divine principle. All forms of being depend on it. This principle of dams declares absolute being and speaks of him that he is unrecognizable. "This being is and remains God, does not exist outside it, but it is his identity itself." This is the only true being comprehended only by penetrating the center of pure contemplation to pure thinking, which becomes possible only when "rejection" of ecstasy thoughts (Extasis). Everything else that exists in the world is derived from this only true being. Nature, on the dam, is created in such a way that the divine principle (light) penetrates through matter (darkness). The dam creates even a certain gradation of the existence from the external (real, true) to the lowest, subordinate (non-functional). At the tops of this gradation there is a divine principle, further - the Divine Soul, and below all - nature.

Several simplifying, it can be said that the divine principle of the dam is absolutization and some deformation of the world of Plato's ideas. Much attention dams devotes soul. It is for him a certain transition from Divine to the material. The soul is something alien to material, bodily and external towards them. Such an understanding of the soul distinguishes the purification of the dam from the views not only epicuretes, but also the Greek and Roman Stoikov. According to the presence of dam, the soul is not organically related to the body. It is part of a common soul. Body - this is a binding of the souls worthy of only overcoming. "The dams seem to the body, sensual and is not interested in explaining his existence, but he wants only to purify him, so that the universal soul and our soul did not tolerate damage." The emphasis on the "spiritual" (good) leads him to the full suppression of the entire body and material (evil). This is poured into the preaching of asceticism. When the dam speaks about the material and sensual world, he characterizes it as a non-visible being, as does not, "having a certain image of existing." In terms of its nature, non-vantages does not have forms, properties and any signs. This solution to the main philosophical problem in the dam is also marked by his ethics. The principle of good is connected to the only genuinely - with the divine mind, or soul. On the contrary, the opposite of good - evil binds and is identified with a non-beatory being, i.e. with the sensual world. From these positions, the dams starts to the problem of the theory of knowledge. For him, the only genuine knowledge is the knowledge of genuine being, that is, the divine principle. The latter, understandable, cannot be comprehended by sensual knowledge, do not know how rationally. The only way of approaching the divine principle of dam is considered (as already mentioned) Ecstasy, which is achieved only by spiritual effort - the spiritual concentration and suppression of the entire body.

The philosophy of the dam specifically expresses the hopelessness and intractability of the contradictions that become inclusive. This is the most expressive harbinger of the end of ancient culture.

Porphyry became the direct student of the dam and the successor of his teaching (approx. 232-304). He showed much attention to the study of the works of the dam, published and commented on them, drawn up the biography of the dam. He was engaged in Porphy and studying the problems of logic, as evidenced by his "Introduction to the categories of Aristotle", which marked the beginning of a dispute about the real existence of common.

The mystical doctrine of the dam continues two other neoplatonic schools. One of them is a Syrian school, the founder and the prominent representative of which was Yamblich (End III - the beginning of the IV century. N. E.). According to the preserved part of its large creative heritage, it is possible to judge that in addition to the traditional circle of problems of neoplatonic philosophy, other problems, such as mathematics, astronomy, music theory, etc., were occupied by him.

In philosophy, he develops the thoughts of the dam relating to the Divine Principle, reason and soul. Among these dams, it distinguishes other, transitional.

His attempt in the spirit of the Plotin philosophy of the Plotin also deserves attention. Simultaneously with the Divine Principle, as the only genuinely, he recognizes a number of other deities (12 heavenly gods, the number of which he then increases to 36 and further to 360; then 72 of the earthly God and 42 God of nature go). This is essentially a mystico-speculative attempt to keep the antique image of the world in the face of the coming Christianity.

Other School of Neoplatonism - Athenian - Presents Barl (412-485). His creativity in a certain sense is the completion and systematization of neoplatonic philosophy. It fully accepts the philosophy of the dam, but in addition it gives and interprets the Dialogues of Plato, in the comments to which the original observations and conclusions express.

It should be noted that the BC gives the most clear explanation and the presentation of the principle of the dialectical triad, in which it distinguishes the three main points of development:

2. Allocation of already created from the creative.

3. Returns created to the creative.

The conceptual dialectic of antique neoplatonism marks the mysticism reaching the top in this concept.

Both neoplatonic schools deepen and systematically develop the main ideas of mysteries of the dam. This philosophy with his irrationalism, disgusting to all bodily, emphasis on asceticism and the teachings on ecstasy, had a significant impact not only for early Christian philosophy, but also on medieval theological thinking.

We traced the emergence and development of antique philosophy. For the first time, almost all the main philosophical problems were crystallized, and the main ideas about the subject of philosophy and, although not explicitly, was raised, which F. Engels formulated as the main question of philosophy. In the ancient philosophical systems, philosophical materialism and idealism have already been expressed, which in many respects influenced the subsequent philosophical concepts. V. I. Lenin stated that the history of philosophy was always the arena of the struggle of two main directions - materialism and idealism. The immediacy and in a certain sense, the rectinity of philosophical, thinking of the ancient Greeks and the Romans make it possible to realize and easier to understand the essence of the most important problems that accompany the development of philosophy from its origin until the current days. In the philosophical thinking of antiquity in a much clearer form, which happens later, ideological clashes and struggle are projected.

The initial unity of philosophy and expanding special scientific knowledge, their systemic discharge explains the very clearly interconnection of philosophy and special (private) sciences.

Philosophy permeates the entire spiritual life of an ancient society, she was an integral factor of ancient culture. The wealth of ancient philosophical thinking, setting problems and their decision was the source from which the philosophical thought of the next millennia drew.

This text is a familiarization fragment.

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Philosophy of the New Time and Epoch of Enlightenment, German Classical

In ancient Rome, the philosophers have always been under the very strong influence of the traditions of Greece. Although all the ideas of ancient philosophy were perceived by Europeans for some reason in Roman transcription.

In general, the history of the Roman Empire is the "struggle against all against everyone," or slaves and slave owners, or Patriches and Plebeev, whether emperors and Republicans. Moreover, all this goes against the background of some continuous external military-political expansion, as well as against the background of combating the invasions of the barbarians. So therefore, the general philosophical issues here goes into the background, as well as the philosophical thought of ancient China. That is why it is the cohesion of the entire Roman society as priority tasks.

The philosophy of ancient Rome, like the philosophy of Hellenism, is mainly ethical. It affects the political life of society. In its very focus, there are problems of reconciling the interests of various groups, as well as the issues of achieving the highest good, not to mention the development of life rules and so on. In all these conditions, the largest distribution and influence received the philosophy of the so-called "Stoics". They developed questions about the rights and obligations of the personality, as well as the nature of the relationship between the individual and the state, adding legal and moral norms in soybeans, while the Roman flock sought to promote not only the upbringing of the disciplined warrior, but also by itself. citizen. The largest representative of the Stoic School is Seneca, who lived from 5 to our era to 65 years old. Seneca was not only a thinker and statesman, he was also a mentor of the emperor Nero. It was he who recommended the emperor to adhere to the moderation and the republican spirit in his rule. Thanks to this Seneca, he achieved that he was "ordered to die", so he, fully following all his philosophical principles, surrounded by his admirers and opened the veins.

At the same time, the most important task of the formation of a person, according to Seneke, it is considered to achieve virtue. But the study of philosophy is not only theoretical classes, it is also the actual exercise of virtue. Seneca was sure that the philosophy is not in words, namely in affairs, as it forms and forms the spirit, streamlines life, manages actions, and also indicates that it is necessary and what is not necessary.

Even recently, it existed such an opinion that the ancient Roman philosophers are eclectic and incomparable. But on the self-case it is not. If you remember the poem Lucreta Kara "On the nature of things", which was written around 99-55 BC, as well as a number of other brilliant thinkers - this will be enough.

Take the same Cicero who lived in 106-43 to our era. This is an unsurpassed speaker and politician. In his writings, he whites with various ideas of the largest antique philosophers. For example, he with obvious sympathy belong to the ideas of Plato, however, sharply opposes his some unreal and "fictional" state. It also rises marking stoicism and epicureism. On the example of the philosophical creativity of Cicero, the thesis is refuted about the indifferent attitude of practical Romans to the abstract philosophizing.

The philosophy that has formed in the era of antiquity, more than the Millennium has kept and multiplied theoretical knowledge, and also served as a regulator of public life. She explained the laws of society and nature, while creating prerequisites for the further development of philosophical knowledge. Nevertheless, after the Roman Empire, Christianity began to spread in the territory of the Roman Empire, the antique philosophy has been pretty seriously recycling.

Approximately from this time in Rome develops three philosophical directions, which have been formed already in Hellenistic Greece, - Stoicism, epicureism and skepticism.

Stoicism. Stoicism received in the Imperial Rome, the greatest distribution. Sometimes he is considered the only philosophical direction, which in the Roman period acquired a new sound. Its starts can be seen already in the influence of Diogen from Seleucia and the Acid Tars from Tars (who arrived in Rome with the Athenian Embassy). A prominent role in the development of stoicism in Rome also played representatives of the middle stoi - Pentei from Rhodes and Posyondos, which, relatively long period worked in Rome. Their merit is that they contributed to the widespread spread of stoicism in the middle and highest grades of the Roman society. Among the students of Phetonia were such outstanding identities of ancient Rome as Scypio Jr. and Cicero. Pantei in the main provisions of its teachings largely adhered to old stoicism. So, he meets the concept of a logo, a similar concept, for example, in Chrysip, who adhered to similar ontological views. In the field of ethics, he was somewhat closer to the practical life ideal of a stoic sage.

At the further development of Roman stoicism was a great influence. In the field of ontology, he develops the main philosophical issues of the teachings of Aristotle, as well as issues bordering naturally scientific issues and cosmology. The initial philosophical and ethical views of Greek Stoicism, it connects with elements of Plato's teachings, and in some cases with Pythagorean mysticism. (This manifests certain eclecticism, which was typical of the Roman philosophy of that period.)

The most prominent representative of the Roman Stoitzism (new stand) were Seneca, epichet and Mark Aurelius.

Seneca (approx. 4 G. BC. E.-65 N. E.) came from the class of "riders" 28, received a comprehensive natural science, legal and philosophical education, a relatively long period was successfully engaged in law practice. Later becomes an educator of the future Emperor Nero, after which he gets the highest social situation and honors to the throne. In the second year of Nero's authority, he devotes him a treatise "On mercy", in which Nerona calls as a ruler to maintain moderation and adhere to the Republican Spirit.

Seneca legacy is very extensive. His most outstanding works include "Letters of Lucilia", "Correspondence on Providence", "On the persistence of a philosopher", "On anger", "On a happy life", "On free time", "Oh Virtue", etc. The exception of "Nature Questions", all of his work is devoted to ethical issues. If the old standing believed physics with a soul, then the philosophy of the new stand considers it a completely subordinate area.

Unlike the old stand of Seneca (as well as all Roman stoicism) is almost not engaged in logical problems. The center and the focus of its system is ethics. As the primary basis, the principle of consent with nature is allocated (live happily - it means to live in accordance with nature) and the principle of human subordination to fate. The issue of how to live life is devoted to his treatises "On the short life" and "On a happy life". They are projected by both personal experience of the Seyans and the public relations of the then Rome. The loss of civil liberties and decay of republican virtues in the era of the imperial power lead him to significant doubts about the future. "For three periods, life is divisible: past, present and future. Of these, the one in which we live, brief; The one in which we will live is dubious, and only the one that we lived defined. Only he is stable, the fate does not affect him, but no one can also return it "29. Seneca rejects the desire to accumulate property, to secular honors and posts: "The higher who climbed, the closer he is to fall. The life of that person, who, with great efforts, becomes very poor and very brief what he should hold it with great efforts. However, he used his social situation and became one of the richest and influential people of Rome. When his enemies pointed to the fact that his own life is quite sharply different from the ideals, which he proclaims, he answered them in the treatise "On a happy life": "... All philosophers say not about how they live, but that how should live.

I'm talking about virtue, but not about yourself and fighting against sins, and that means both against your own: when they will overcome them, I will live as it should "31.

Another prominent representative of Rome Stoicism - Epicate (50-138) - was originally a slave. After he was released, completely devoted himself to philosophy. In his views, a lot from the old stoi, which influenced him, and from the work of the Seneki. He himself did not leave any work. His thoughts recorded his student Arrian from Nico-Media in the treatises of "Architet's arguments" and "Epichet Management". Epicate defended the point of view, according to which philosophy, actually, is not only knowledge, but also by application in practical life, he was not the original thinker, his merit mainly consists in popularizing stoic philosophy.

In their ontological performances and in views in the field of the theory of knowledge, he proceeded from Greek Stoicism. The exceptional influence on it was the works of Chrysip. The core of the philosophy of epictics is ethics based on a stoic understanding of virtue and life in harmony with the common nature of the world.

The study of nature (physics) is important and useful not because on its basis it is possible to change nature (the world around), but because in accordance with nature, a person can streamline his life. A person should not desire what he cannot master: "If you want your kids, your wife and your friends lived constantly, then you or crazy, or want things that are not in your power, would be in yours The authorities and that what the stranger is, was yours "33. And since it is not necessary to change the objective world, the society is not in human strength, should not and strive for it.

Just as the mind rules over the person, and in the world rules the world mind - Logos (God). It is a source and determining the world development factor. The things, as a managed God, should obey him. Freedom and independence, which he attached great importance, the epicthet limits only spiritual freedom, freedom of humility with reality.

Ethics of epictics in essence is rationalistic. And even though it is expressively marked by subjectivism, nevertheless protects (unlike irrationalistic flows generated at the time).

The Emperor Mark Azeri Antonin (121-180) also includes the Roman Stoikov, during the reign of which crisis phenomena become even more intense. The highest public classes refuse to change something to preserve the existing social system. In the Stoic Ethics, they see a certain means of the moral revival of society. The emperor in reflections "To myself" proclaims that "the only thing that is in the power of a person is his thoughts." "Ploy to your subsidiary! There, inside, the source of good, who is capable of beating is not silent if it is constantly torture. " He understands the world as the ever current and changeable. The main purpose of human aspirations should be achieving virtue, i.e., the subordination of "reasonable laws of nature in harmony with human nature." Mark Azeri recommends: "A calm thought with everything that comes from the outside, and justice with everything," what is realized at your own discretion, that is, your desire and action, let them consist in the actions of the generally hen, because it is an essence with your nature. "

Mark Aureliy is the last representative of the ancient stoicism, and in fact on this staicism ends. In his work, certain traces of mystizism are manifested, which is closely related to the decline of Roman society. Stoic teaching, in particular, underlining the need to "subordinate themselves" (the world mind - Logos - God), was largely influenced by the formation of early Christianity.

Epicureism. The only materialistic (for its time distinctly materialistic) philosophy in the ancient Rome was epicureism, which significantly spread in recent years of the Roman Republic and at the beginning of the Imperial Board. The most outstanding representative was the titles of Lucretia Kar (approx. 95-55 BC), who wrote the philosophical poem "On Nature", which is also a valuable artistic work of the then literature.

Lucretia completely identifies its views with the teachings of democrites and epicuris; He considered the best Greek philosopher. In his work, he explains the masterfully, proves and promotes the views of the early representatives of the atomistic teaching, consistently protects the basic principles of atomism both from earlier and from modern opponents, giving the most integral and logically ordered interpretation of atomotic philosophy. At the same time, he in many cases develops and deepens the thoughts of democritus and epicuris. The only life of Lucretia considers atoms and emptiness.

Matter, first of all, is the primary bodies of things, secondly, all that is a combination of these items. No power, however, can not destroy atoms, they always win their impenetrabity. The first is deeply different, double character has those two things, as mentioned above, matter and space, everything happens in it; They themselves are necessary for themselves and clean. Where the emptiness extends, the so-called space, there is no matter there; And Tai, where the matter starts, there is no emptiness and space in no way. The first bodies are full without emptiness. Secondly, in the emissions arising from things, there is one whole matter.

In this form of Lucretia, the teachings of democrites and epicuris about atoms and void, emphasizing the vulnerability of matter as such at the same time.

If the first bodies, solid and without cavities, as I already spoke about it, they are undoubtedly eternal. With non-profitability and volatility of matter, i.e., with its infinity in time, the infinity of matter in space is connected.

The universe itself cannot limit itself; True - the law of nature; He wishes the borders of matter formed emptiness, and the matter - the borders of the emptiness, the merit of this alternation is without the end of the Universe 39.

You will need to know about the movement that's: if atoms fall in space vertically due to their own weight, here at an indefinite place and indefinitely deviate from the way - only so that the direction is a little different. If this deviation was not, everything would fall into the depths of emptiness, down, like rain drops, could face and connect elements, and Never would have created anything from 40.

He considers the material, a special combination of air and heat. It proceeds through the whole body and is formed by the finest and the least atoms.

What kind of matter is the spirit and what it consists of, it will be listed for you soon my words. First of all, I say that the spirit is extremely thin; The bodies that form it are extremely small. It helps to understand and understand that: nothing is happening in the world as fast as what the thought itself is and forms. From this it can be seen that the Spirit has the greatest speed than all that is available to the eye; But what is also moving, it consists, right, from the bodies of completely round and the rampant 41.

Similarly, he defends atomistic views in the field of the theory of knowledge, which he also developed in many directions.

Lucretia is trying to explain the natural way and the emergence of society. He says that initially people lived, in the "middigone state", not knowing fire and housing. Only the development of material culture leads to the fact that the human herd gradually turns into society. Naturally, he could not come to a materialistic understanding of the causes of the emergence and development of human society. His desire for a "natural" explanation was limited both social and gnoseological parameters. However, despite this, his views on society were, in particular, compared with the then idealistic approach of significant progress. Just like the epicurus, he believed that society, a public organization (right, laws) arise as a product of a mutual agreement of people (the theory of the contract): the neighbors then began to unite in friendship, not wanting to repair the powerlessness and hostility, and the children and female The floor was taken under protection, showing gestures and awkward sounds that everything should be sympathy. Although the agreement could not universally recognize, the best and most of the contract was holy than fulfilled 42.

Roman epicureism, in particular creativity Lucreta Kara, marked the vertex of materialistic trends in Roman philosophy. It became an integrated link between the materialism of the ancient Greek Stoics and the materialistic currents of the philosophy of the new time.

The following five traps, which added the continuer of the Agrippa, further strengthened doubts about the correctness of the ideas of other philosophical directions.

The most prominent representative of the so-called junior skepticism was Sex Empirik. His teaching also proceeds from Greek skepticism. This is evidenced by the name of one of his works - "Basics of Pierronism". In other works, "against dogmatics", "against mathematicians" - it sets out a skeptical doubt based on a critical assessment of the basic concepts of the then knowledge. A critical assessment is directed not only against philosophical concepts, but also against the concepts of mathematics, rhetoric, astronomy, grammar, etc. His skeptical approach has not passed and the question of the existence of the gods, which led him to atheism.

Roman skepticism was a specific expression of the progressive crisis of the Roman society. Searches and research The contradictions between the statements of the preceding philosophical systems lead skeptics to a broad study of the history of philosophy. And although it is in this direction that skepticism creates a lot of valuable, as a whole, it is already a philosophy that has lost the spiritual force that has grown antique thinking on his peaks. In essence, skepticism contains more direct refusal than methodological criticism.

Eclecticism. Much more distribution and value than in Hellenistic Greece, receives eclecticism in Rome. His supporters include a number of prominent personalities of Roman political and cultural life both in the last years of the Roman Republic and in the first period of the empire. The most famous among them was an outstanding politician and orator Mark Tuly Cicero (106-45 BC), the creator of Latin philosophical terminology.

Neoplatonism. The progressive crisis of the Roman society in the last years of the republic and in the first years of the empire is naturally reflected in philosophy. Differences for the rational development of the world, more or less manifested in various philosophical directions, together with the increasing influence of Christianity more and more strengthened the many signs of mysticism. The irrational directions of this era tried to adapt to the changing role of philosophy in different ways. The nonopagurian philosophy, the typical representative of which was Apollonius from Tian, \u200b\u200btried to strengthen the return to the mystics of the numbers bordering the quantity; Philosophy of Philosophy of Alexandria (30s. BC. E. - 50 G. N. E) sought to combine Greek philosophy with the Jewish religion. In both concepts, mysticism is manifested in concentrated form.

More interesting was neoplatonism, which develops in the III-V century N. E., In the last centuries, the existence of the Roman Empire. It is the last one-piece philosophical direction arising during antiquity. Neoplatonism is formed in the same social setting as Christianity. Like the remaining irrationalistic philosophical directions of late antiquity, neoplatonism to a certain extent manifestation of refusal of the rationalism of the previous philosophical thinking. It is a specific reflection of social despair and progressive decomposition of social relations, which was based on the Roman Empire. His founder was Ammonium Sakkas (175-242), and the most prominent representative - Dam (205-270) 43.

The dams believed that the basis of the entire existing is the superweight, supernatural, over-sensitive divine principle. All forms of being depend on it. This principle of dams declares absolute being and speaks of him that he is unrecognizable. "This being is and remains God, it does not exist outside it, but it is its identity itself" 44. This is the only true being comprehended only by penetrating the very center of pure contemplation and pure thinking, which becomes possible only when "rejection" of thoughts - Ecstasy (EXTASIS). Everything else that exists in the world is derived from this only true being. Nature, on the dam, is created in such a way that the divine principle (light) penetrates through matter (darkness). The dam creates even a certain gradation of existences from external (present, true) to the lowest, subordinate (non-functional). At the tops of this gradation there is a divine principle, further - the Divine Soul, and below all - nature.

Several simplifying, it can be said that the divine principle of the dam is absolutization and some deformation of the world of Plato's ideas. Much attention dams devotes soul. It is for him a certain transition from Divine to the material. The soul is something alien to material, bodily and external towards them. Such an understanding of the soul distinguishes the purification of the dam from the views not only epicuretes, but also the Greek and Roman Stoikov. According to the presence of dam, the soul is not organically related to the body. It is part of a common soul. Body - this is a binding of the souls worthy of only overcoming. "The dams as if he moves towards the body, sensual and not interested in explaining his existence, but he wants only to cleanse him, so that the universal soul and our soul did not tolerate damage" 45. The emphasis on the "spiritual" (good) leads him to the full suppression of the entire body and material (evil). This is poured into the preaching of asceticism. When the dam speaks about the material and sensual world, he characterizes it as a non-genuine being, as non-visiting, "having a certain image of the existing" 46. In its nature, a nearby existence has no form, properties and any signs. This solution to the main philosophical problem in the dam is also marked by his ethics. The principle of good is connected to the only genuinely - with the divine mind, or soul. On the contrary, the opposite of good - evil binds and is identified with a non-beatory being, i.e. with the sensual world. From these positions, the dams starts to the problem of the theory of knowledge. For him, the only genuine knowledge is the knowledge of genuine being, that is, the divine principle. The latter, understandable, cannot be comprehended by sensual knowledge, do not know how rationally. The only way of approaching the divine principle of dam is considered (as already mentioned) Ecstasy, which is achieved only by spiritual effort - the spiritual concentration and suppression of the entire body.

The philosophy of the dam specifically expresses the hopelessness and insoluability of the contradictions 47, which are grossing all-inclusive. This is the most expressive harbinger of the end of ancient culture.

Porphyry became the direct student of the dam and the successor of his teaching (approx. 232-304). He showed much attention to the study of the works of the dam, published and commented on them, drawn up the biography of the dam. Porfuny was engaged in the study of logic problems, as evidenced by his "Introduction to the categories of Aristotle", which marked the beginning of a dispute about the real existence of common.

In philosophy, he develops the thoughts of the dam relating to the Divine Principle, reason and soul. Among these dams, it distinguishes other, transitional.

His attempt in the spirit of the Plotin philosophy of the Plotin also deserves attention. Simultaneously with the Divine Principle, as the only genuinely, he recognizes a number of other deities (12 heavenly gods, the number of which he then increases to 36 and further to 360; then 72 of the earthly God and 42 God of nature go). This is essentially a mynsk-sepulative attempt to keep the antique image of the world in the face of the coming Christianity.

It should be noted that the proclus gives the most clear explanation and the statement of the principle of the dialectical triad 48, in which it distinguishes the three main points of development: 1. The content of created in the creator. 2. Allocation of already created from the creative. 3. Returns created to the creative. The conceptual dialectic of antique neoplatonism marks the mysticism reaching the top in this concept. Both neoplatonic schools deepen and systematically develop the main ideas of mysteries of the dam. This philosophy with his irrationalism, disgusting to all bodily, emphasis on asceticism and the teachings on ecstasy, had a significant impact not only for early Christian philosophy, but also on medieval theological thinking. We traced the emergence and development of antique philosophy. For the first time, almost all the main philosophical problems were crystallized, and the main ideas about the subject of philosophy and, although not explicitly, was raised, which F. Engels formulated as the main question of philosophy. In the ancient philosophical systems, philosophical materialism and idealism have already been expressed, which in many respects influenced the subsequent philosophical concepts. V. I. Lenin stated that the history of philosophy was always the arena of the struggle of two main directions - materialism and idealism. The immediacy and in a certain sense, the rectinity of philosophical, thinking of the ancient Greeks and the Romans make it possible to realize and easier to understand the essence of the most important problems that accompany the development of philosophy from its origin until the current days. In the philosophical thinking of antiquity in a much clearer form, which happens later, ideological clashes and struggle are projected. The initial unity of philosophy and expanding special scientific knowledge, their systemic discharge explains the very clearly interconnection of philosophy and special (private) sciences. Philosophy permeates the entire spiritual life of an ancient society, she was an integral factor of ancient culture. The wealth of ancient philosophical thinking, setting problems and their decision was the source from which the philosophical thought of the next millennia drew.

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The main differences in the philosophy of ancient Rome. Roman philosophy

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